Pada postingan kali ini kita akan mempelajari semua pembukaan catur secara garis besar, ini akan berguna untuk pemain muda dalam memilih pembukaan yang disukai. Mungkin diantara pembaca blog ini ada yang belum tahu, kalau dalam permainan catur setiap langkah awal itu ada namanya…nah dengan materi hari ini saya jamin anda akan langsung tahu nama-nama pembukaan dan tujuan dari masing-masing pembukaan itu
Oh ya sebelumnya saya akan terangkan pada anda dulu istilah “pembukaan” dan “pertahanan”, kata Pembukaan dipakai bila setelah langkah Putih baru ada nama dari pembukaan itu contohnya : 1. f4.. ini namanya Pembukaan Bird….1. e4 e5. 2. Gc4..ini namanya Pembukaan Gajah Raja dan lain-lain.
Kata Pertahanan dipakai bila setelah langkah Hitam baru ada nama dari pembukaan itu, contohnya : 1. e4 Kf6…ini namanya Pertahanan Alekhine….1. d4 Kf6. 2. c4 c5…ini namanya Pertahanan Benoni dan lain-lain.
Ada satu lagi intilah dalam pembukaan yaitu “Gambit”, maksudnya adalah pengorbanan Bidak sementara didalam Pembukaan, kita korbankan bidak dengan maksud untuk mendapatkan ruang gerak, seandainya lawan mempertahankan kemenangan bidak ini maka dia akan kalah dalam perkembangan, kenapa dikatakan korban bidak sementara? Sebab kita akan bisa ambil lagi dalam beberapa langkah kemudian,bahkan kalau lawan tidak hati-hati, kita akan menang perwira dengan korban bidak ini…yah nanti saya akan posting juga langkah-langkah perangkap dari “Gambit”(korban bidak sementara) ini yang menyebabkan kita bisa menang perwira dsb
Sekarang kita lanjutkan pelajaran pembukaan caturnya
1. Gambit Balasan Albin. 1. d4 d5. 2. c4 e5. 3. dxe5 d4. keterangan : Usaha keras untuk merebut inisiatif yang sering menghasilkan bentuk rokade berlawanan
2. Pertahanan Alekhine. 1. e4 Kf6. keterangan : Hitam berupaya agar Putiy memajukan bidak-bidak tengahnya jauh kedepan, lalu membendungnya untuk kemudian memusnahkannya.
3. Gambit Benko. 1. d4 Kf6. 2. c4 c5. 3. d5 b5. 4. cxb5. keterangan : Hitam korban satu bidak agar dapat melakukan tekanan di sayap-menteri.
4. Pertahanan benoni. 1. d4 Kf6. 2. c4 c5. keterangan : Hitam membentuk system penguasaan sayap-menteri dengan mayoritas bidak dan tekanan sepanjang lajur setengah terbuka dan penguasaan diagonal gajah Raja fiansetonya.
5. Gambit Blackmar Diemer. 1. d4 d5 2. e4 dxe4 3. Kc3 Kf6 4. f3. keterangan : Pilihan tajam, agak riskan, Putih main korban untuk perkembangan buah.
6. Pembukaan Bird. 1. f4. keterangan : Ide strateginya, terutama menguasai e5, mirip dengan Pertahanan Belanda.
7. Pembukaan Gajah Raja. 1. e4 e5 2. Gc4. keterangan : Upaya Putih memainkan Gajah agar cepat menekan sayap Raja hitam.
8. Pertahanan India Bogo. 1. d4 Kf6 2. c4 e6 3. Kf3 Gb4. keterangan : Pertahanan solid dengan Hitam ingin cepat menukar Gajah Rajanya.
9. Gambit Budapest. 1. d4 Kf6 2. c4 e5. keterangan : Hitam hampir selalu bisa merebut kembali bidak gambitnya. Tetapi waktu yang dihabiskan Hitam untuk merebut kembali bidak itu, menyebabkan Putih sedikit lebih unggul.
10. Pertahanan Caro-Kann. 1. e4 c5. keterangan : Pertahannan sehat bagi Hitam yang menunda pertarungan sampai posisinya solid.
11. Sistem Katalan. 1. d4 Kf6 2. c4 e6 3. g3. keterangan : Putih menghindar dari variasi yang lazim dengan arah perkembangan buah yang lebih dinamis dan ikut gaya hypermodern.
12. Pertahanan Skandinavia. 1. e4 d5. keterangan : Pertahanan ini cocok bagi merekan yang menginginkan pertahanan lengkap tanpa banyak belajar variasi 2. exd5 Mxd5 menyebabkan susunan bidak mirip Caro-Kann
13. Sistem Colle. 1. d4 d5 2. Kf3 Kf6 3. e3 c5 4. c3. keterangan : Sistem solid dengan tujuan strategi yang mudah dimengerti.
14. Gambit Denmark. 1. e4 e5 2. d4 exd4 3. c3 dxc3 4. Gc4. keterangan : Gambit berbahaya, penuh tipuan, akan tetapi Hitam dengan mudah mengimbangi asalkan mengembalikan bidak gambit itu disaat yang tepat.
15. Pertahanan Belanda. 1. d4 f5. keterangan : Hitam mencegah Putih main e4 dan menata posisi bidak-bidak dipusat.
16. Pembukaan Inggris. 1. c4. keterangan : Pembukaan populer yang sering bertranposisi, memiliki pertempuran posisi yang kompleks.
17. Gambit Evans. 1. e4 e5 2. Kf3 Kc6 3. Gc4 Gc5 4. b4. keterangan : Pembukaan yang cocok bagi yang senang taktis dan paham main terbuka
18. Pembukaan Empat Kuda. 1. e4 e5 2. Kf3 Kc6 3. Kf6 Kc3. keterangan : Permainan solid jika kedua pihak tidak berupaya dinamis
19. Pertahanan Perancis. 1. e4 e6. keterangan : Pertahan kuat dan solid yang punya reputasi.
20. Pembukaan Italia/Giuco Piano. 1. e4 e5 2. Kf3 Kc6 3. Gc4 Gc5. keterangan : Putih menunda tusukan d4 sebelum didukung oleh c3 agar diperoleh dua bidak di medan-tengah
21. Serangan Grob. 1.g4. keterangan : Nilai kejutannya luar biasa, tapi tidak banyak mendukung posisi Putih.
22. Pertahanan Grunfeld. 1. d4 Kf6 2. c4 g6 3. Kc3 d5. keterangan : Dilandasi teori hypermodern, bidak pusat yang luas dapat jadi sasaran atau sebagai keunggulan.
23. Gambit Raja. 1. e4 e5 2. f4. keterangan : Pertempuran tajam sejak awal permainan
24. Pertahanan India Raja. 1.d4 Kf6 2. c4 g6 3. Kc3 Gg7. keterangan : Hitam membiarkan Putih membentuk kubu bidak di medan tengah untuk kemudian digempur.
25. Gambit Latvia. 1. e4 e4 2. Kf3 f5. keterangan : Serangan balik yang tajam tapi punya reputasi tidak baik.
26. Serangan Marshall. 1. e4 e5 2. Kf3 Kc6 3. Gb5 a6 4. Ga4 Kf6 5. 0-0 Ge7 6. Be1 b5 7. Gb3 0-0 8. c3 d5. keterangan : Perlawanan aktif para perwira Hitam terhadap Raja putih sangat disukai semua pemain penyerang.
27. Pertahanan Modern. 1.e4 g6 2. d4 Gg7. keterangan : Strategi Hitam ialah menggempur serta mengobrak-abrik medan-tengah Putih.
28. Gambit Morra. 1. e4 c5 2. d4 cxd4 3. c3. keterangan : Gambit berbahaya yang memungkinkan Putih menghindari jalur utama dalam Sisilia.
29. Pertahanan Hindia Nimzo. 1. d4 Kf6 2. c4 e6 3. Kc3 Gb4. keterangan : Hitam membiarkan Putih mendapat pasangan Gajah dan sebagai imbalannya perwira hitam lebih cepat berkembang dan dalam berbagai variasinya, menekan bidak-tumpuk Putih di lajur c sebagai sasaran.
30. Pertahanan Nimzovich. 1. e4 Kc6. keterangan : Satu lagi gaya hypermodern. Hitam membiarkan bidak Putih maju di pusat. Medan-tengah seringkali jadi tertutup.
31. Pertahanan Hindia Tua. 1. d4 Kf6 2. c4 d6. keterangan : Pertahanan yang pasif dengan susunan bidak mirip Hindia Raja tapi tanpa fianseto Gajah Raja.
32. Pertahanan Petroff. 1. e4 e5 2. Kf3 Kf6. keterangan : Meskipun mendapat reputasi solit, pertahanan ini memiliki harapan untuk menyerang balik.
33. Pertahanan Philidor. 1. e4 e5 2. Kf3 d6. keterangan : Meski cukup solid namun Hitam punya kendala dalam mobilitas buahnya.
34. Pertahanan Pirc. 1. e4 d6 2. d4 Kf6 3. Kc3 g6. keterangan : Hitam bertujuan mengganggu medan-tengah Putih dan kemudian memanfaatkan Gajah fiansetonya.
35. Pertahanan Ponziani. 1. e4 e5 2. Kf3 Kc6 2. c3. keterangan : Putih membangun medan-tengah yang kuat.
36. Gambit Menteri. 1. d4 d5 2. c4. keterangan : Pembukaan populer dengan permainan aktif untuk kedua pihak.
37. Pertahanan Hidia Menteri. 1. d4 Kf6 2. c4 e6 3. Kf3 b6. keterangan : Dewasa ini dianggap pertahanan paling sehat oleh para Master.
38. Pembukaan Reti. 1. Kf3. keterangan : Sistem hypermodern yang mengawasi medan-tengah dari jarak jauh. Cirinya ialah manuver yang lamban dan berpeluang main sebagai Hitam dengan menang satu tempo.
39. Pembukaan Spanyol/Ruy Lopez. 1. e4 e5 2. Kf3 Kc6 3. Gb5. keterangan : Pembukaan sangat populer. Putih langsung menekan medan-tengah Hitam. Pertempuran bisa menjurus sangat tajam atau bergaya posisionil.
40. Pembukaan Skot. 1. e4 e5 2. Kf3 Kc6 d4. keterangan : Pembukaan ini bersifat memaksa dan balasan Hitam agak terbatas. Putih dapat mengendalikan permainan.
41. Pertahanan Sililia. 1. e4 c5. keterangan : Pertahanan terpopuler terhadap e4. Melalui lajur-c setengah terbuka, Hitam melancarkan serangan balik. Dalam permainan tengah banyak terdapat pukulan taktis berbahaya.
42. Pembukaan Tiga Kuda. 1. e4 e5 2. Kf3 Kc6 3. Kc3. keterangan : Langkah Putih hanya pengembangan buah, tidaklah memberi masalah apa-apa bagi Hitam.
43. Pertahanan Dua Kuda. 1. e4 e5 2. Kf3 Kc6 3. Gc4 Kf6. keterangan : kedua pihak siap bermain api, siapa lengah akan fatal.
44. Pembukaan Wina. 1. e4 e5 2. Kc3. keterangan : Putih berkembang dengan tenang, namun tetap menyiapkan f4 yang tajam.
45. Pembukaan Benko. 1. g3. keterangan : Gaya hypermodern Putih dengan tema pertahanan fianseto terbalik.
46.Serangan Larsen. 1. b3. keterangan : Gaya hypermodern dengan fianseto Putih.
Nah..itulah rincian pembukaan yang perlu anda ketahui, dan untuk pembukaan yang lengkap, nanti saya akan pilihkan pembukaan yang paling populer dan paling sering dijumpai dalam permainan catur dewasa ini dan akan saya terangkan mulai dari jalur utama, jalur cabang dan sampai keujungnya…hehe..istilah kerennya ibarat sebuah pohon saya akan terangkan mulai batang, cabang, ranting , daun dan sampai ke pucuknya..
Selasa, 15 Juni 2010
Kamis, 25 Februari 2010
Step 1
The goal in this step is to build a 2x2x2 block. Or more precisely, to place one corner and its three neighboring edges in their correct positions, solving 4 out of the 20 cube pieces.
Beginner
For the beginner it is often easiest to pick a corner that you will always start with. This makes it easy to find the pieces you need. We will use the blue-yellow-orange corner. This means that the three edges are the blue-orange, the orange-yellow, and the blue-yellow.
First find the 4 pieces you need, and then try to build the 2x2x2. It's not really hard, but it can take a while if you're a rookie. It's best to try yourself for a while, to get a feel for it, but if it still doesn't work out, look at the description below.
There are many special cases, but this is the basic way I solve it. Remember, we're trying to join up 1 corner, 3 edges and 3 centers.
1. Pair up the corner with an edge.
2. Pair up another edge with a center.
3. Join the pairs from 1 & 2 to make a 2x2x1 block.
4. Join the remaining edge with the 2 remaining centers.
5. Put it all together in the final move.
This animation shows a concrete example
1. Pair corner with blue-orange edge. [Turn 1]
2. Pair up orange-yellow edge with orange center. [Turn 2]
3. Join. [Turn 3-4]
4. Blue-yellow edge fitted between blue and yellow center.[Turn 5-7]
5. All done! [Turn 8]
Intermediate
After you can easily do one corner, you should start looking at all 8 corners and choosing to start with the one that is fastest to solve. Normally, one or two are real easy (and some are hard). Picking the easy one makes quite a difference. It can be a difficult transition to use different colors all the time, but it is worth it. After a while you'll be completely used to it.
At competitions, there is normally a 15 second period where you get to look at the cube before timing starts. This is what you do during that time (though 2-5 seconds are usually enough).
Advanced:
Try to be aware of where the four pieces are at all times. You should be able to visualise the full step solution in your mind before starting.
Spend a lot of time looking at this step, and you will start seeing 5 moves ahead or more surprisingly often.
Here are my solutions for 4 random cube positions. When you can choose between 8 corners you should get 1-2 less moves on average
Step 2
After step 1, we have a solved part of the cube, and we have three sides that we can move freely, without breaking what we have accomplished. Not bad!
In step 2 we expand what we have to a 2x2x3 block. That is, we add one corner and two edges to the solved block, going from 4 to 7 solved pieces of 20.
Beginner
Choose one of the three possible corners to expand to. We will use the green-yellow-orange corner, and of course the yellow-green and green-orange edges.
This is quite similar to how you work in step 1, join the corner with one of the edges and work from there. When you're familiar with step 1 you should have no problem.
But be sure not to break up the 2x2x2 block! You need to be aware where it is at all times. Otherwise it's back to step 1...
Intermediate
You have three corners to choose from. It's important to pick the easiest, just like in step 1.
The hardest positions are when a piece is in it's right position, but twisted the wrong way. The easiest way to deal with that is to just pick another corner to solve!
Advanced
These simple and very useful moves (to the right) took me months to figure out (actually I didn't, someone I taught showed me...), since it involves breaking the holy 2x2x2 block. As an exercise, try to find how to do the the third example cube above in 7 moves instead of 9 by breaking the 2x2x2. It's not easy, so here is a hint: First move: turn green layer 1/4 clock wise. Second move breaks the 2x2x2 (highlight to show hint)
Sometimes, the first move of step 3 will be the opposite of the last move in this phase. So with some foresight you can skip both. Also, while doing the last turn of step 2, you can often stop half way, and fix a pair of bad edges midway. See the examples page for several examples of this.
For more advanced techniques, check out the block building page.
Step 3
The basic idea of the method is to solve the entire cube from here by just turning the 2 free sides. But if you try to do that, you soon discover that some edges are always twisted the wrong way. We call those the "bad" edges. We need to fix that before we move on. Step 3 is this fix.
Step 3 can seem incomprehensible before you "get" it, but it is really the simplest step in the method.
Beginner
If you don't like the beginner instructions, take a look at the intermediate ones. You may like that approach more.
Basically, we need to do 2 things in step 3.
1. Identify the bad edges.
There are 7 edges not part of the 2x2x3. Pick any one of them, say the red/blue one. Using only the 2 free layers (that is, not breaking up the 2x2x3), place it between the red and blue center pieces. If it's twisted right, it's good. Otherwise it's bad. That's all. Make a (mental or on paper) note of it, and check the next edge. When checking the second and later edges, do not try to keep the previous edges in place. It is not only extremely difficult, but also completely unnecessary. Once you know if an edge is good or bad, you know.
2. Turn bad edges into good edges.
There are always an even number of bad edges. You can make them good in pairs. The simplest way is the 3 move sequence shown to the right. Just place two bad edges in the positions of the colored edges, and do it. Check that your edges actually became good the first times, to be sure you're doing it right.
Continue until you're sure all edges are good.
Intermediate
Since we only want to know if an edge would be correctly twisted if it was placed in its correct location, we don't have to waste moves actually moving it there.
It is easy to see which edges are bad without moving them. Let's call the colors of the two remaining centers A and B (red and white in the illustrations). Ignore everything except the stickers on the (unsolved) edges with color A or B. There are the four simple rules to remember: 1. An edge with an A color sticker next to the A color center is good.
2. An edge with an A color sticker away from the A color center is bad.
3. An edge with a B color sticker next to the A color center is bad.
4. An edge with a B color sticker away from the A color center is good.
Rule 1
red next to red
is good
Rule 2
red away from red
is bad
Rule 3
white next to red
is bad
Rule 4
white away from red
is good
The usual advice applies in step 3 as well: Look ahead, and try to make a good beginnin
The goal in this step is to build a 2x2x2 block. Or more precisely, to place one corner and its three neighboring edges in their correct positions, solving 4 out of the 20 cube pieces.
Beginner
For the beginner it is often easiest to pick a corner that you will always start with. This makes it easy to find the pieces you need. We will use the blue-yellow-orange corner. This means that the three edges are the blue-orange, the orange-yellow, and the blue-yellow.
First find the 4 pieces you need, and then try to build the 2x2x2. It's not really hard, but it can take a while if you're a rookie. It's best to try yourself for a while, to get a feel for it, but if it still doesn't work out, look at the description below.
There are many special cases, but this is the basic way I solve it. Remember, we're trying to join up 1 corner, 3 edges and 3 centers.
1. Pair up the corner with an edge.
2. Pair up another edge with a center.
3. Join the pairs from 1 & 2 to make a 2x2x1 block.
4. Join the remaining edge with the 2 remaining centers.
5. Put it all together in the final move.
This animation shows a concrete example
1. Pair corner with blue-orange edge. [Turn 1]
2. Pair up orange-yellow edge with orange center. [Turn 2]
3. Join. [Turn 3-4]
4. Blue-yellow edge fitted between blue and yellow center.[Turn 5-7]
5. All done! [Turn 8]
Intermediate
After you can easily do one corner, you should start looking at all 8 corners and choosing to start with the one that is fastest to solve. Normally, one or two are real easy (and some are hard). Picking the easy one makes quite a difference. It can be a difficult transition to use different colors all the time, but it is worth it. After a while you'll be completely used to it.
At competitions, there is normally a 15 second period where you get to look at the cube before timing starts. This is what you do during that time (though 2-5 seconds are usually enough).
Advanced:
Try to be aware of where the four pieces are at all times. You should be able to visualise the full step solution in your mind before starting.
Spend a lot of time looking at this step, and you will start seeing 5 moves ahead or more surprisingly often.
Here are my solutions for 4 random cube positions. When you can choose between 8 corners you should get 1-2 less moves on average
Step 2
After step 1, we have a solved part of the cube, and we have three sides that we can move freely, without breaking what we have accomplished. Not bad!
In step 2 we expand what we have to a 2x2x3 block. That is, we add one corner and two edges to the solved block, going from 4 to 7 solved pieces of 20.
Beginner
Choose one of the three possible corners to expand to. We will use the green-yellow-orange corner, and of course the yellow-green and green-orange edges.
This is quite similar to how you work in step 1, join the corner with one of the edges and work from there. When you're familiar with step 1 you should have no problem.
But be sure not to break up the 2x2x2 block! You need to be aware where it is at all times. Otherwise it's back to step 1...
Intermediate
You have three corners to choose from. It's important to pick the easiest, just like in step 1.
The hardest positions are when a piece is in it's right position, but twisted the wrong way. The easiest way to deal with that is to just pick another corner to solve!
Advanced
These simple and very useful moves (to the right) took me months to figure out (actually I didn't, someone I taught showed me...), since it involves breaking the holy 2x2x2 block. As an exercise, try to find how to do the the third example cube above in 7 moves instead of 9 by breaking the 2x2x2. It's not easy, so here is a hint: First move: turn green layer 1/4 clock wise. Second move breaks the 2x2x2 (highlight to show hint)
Sometimes, the first move of step 3 will be the opposite of the last move in this phase. So with some foresight you can skip both. Also, while doing the last turn of step 2, you can often stop half way, and fix a pair of bad edges midway. See the examples page for several examples of this.
For more advanced techniques, check out the block building page.
Step 3
The basic idea of the method is to solve the entire cube from here by just turning the 2 free sides. But if you try to do that, you soon discover that some edges are always twisted the wrong way. We call those the "bad" edges. We need to fix that before we move on. Step 3 is this fix.
Step 3 can seem incomprehensible before you "get" it, but it is really the simplest step in the method.
Beginner
If you don't like the beginner instructions, take a look at the intermediate ones. You may like that approach more.
Basically, we need to do 2 things in step 3.
1. Identify the bad edges.
There are 7 edges not part of the 2x2x3. Pick any one of them, say the red/blue one. Using only the 2 free layers (that is, not breaking up the 2x2x3), place it between the red and blue center pieces. If it's twisted right, it's good. Otherwise it's bad. That's all. Make a (mental or on paper) note of it, and check the next edge. When checking the second and later edges, do not try to keep the previous edges in place. It is not only extremely difficult, but also completely unnecessary. Once you know if an edge is good or bad, you know.
2. Turn bad edges into good edges.
There are always an even number of bad edges. You can make them good in pairs. The simplest way is the 3 move sequence shown to the right. Just place two bad edges in the positions of the colored edges, and do it. Check that your edges actually became good the first times, to be sure you're doing it right.
Continue until you're sure all edges are good.
Intermediate
Since we only want to know if an edge would be correctly twisted if it was placed in its correct location, we don't have to waste moves actually moving it there.
It is easy to see which edges are bad without moving them. Let's call the colors of the two remaining centers A and B (red and white in the illustrations). Ignore everything except the stickers on the (unsolved) edges with color A or B. There are the four simple rules to remember: 1. An edge with an A color sticker next to the A color center is good.
2. An edge with an A color sticker away from the A color center is bad.
3. An edge with a B color sticker next to the A color center is bad.
4. An edge with a B color sticker away from the A color center is good.
Rule 1
red next to red
is good
Rule 2
red away from red
is bad
Rule 3
white next to red
is bad
Rule 4
white away from red
is good
The usual advice applies in step 3 as well: Look ahead, and try to make a good beginnin
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